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Software companies grow up fast, and that growth fuels the need for infrastructure that can support a product at scale. As a result, enterprise level CI generally comes on the heels of other milestones. This is natural – particularly in the notoriously tricky world of Mac-based CI. Not to mention the fact that local Mac mini 'farms,' which seem to be the default stepping off point for macOS and iOS CI, can grow to be quite large and still be very functional.
But at some point, most companies grow beyond their rudimentary build setup. They suffer major headaches and productivity loss. They make adjustments, but hit an internal, operational ceiling. Then, probably a single engineer is tasked with fixing it. At that point, said engineer pokes around online for a viable solution.
As a case in point, MacStadium hosted a panel discussion at AltConf 2019 (during Apple's annual WWDC) that focused on CI best practices. Top DevOps engineers from the likes of Pandora, Aspyr Media, and PSPDFKit were kind enough to share their insights on the matter.
Slime-san: sheeple's sequel mac os. Over the course of the discussion, one thing became abundantly clear: developing a viable CI system is nothing short of an organic process – often an afterthought upon which an entire company's profitability can hinge. That is, at some point, CI emerges as being massively important to a company's bottom line, but by the time that happens, a wide variety of factors will likely already be in play.
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If that 'coming of age' story sounds familiar, you're in the right place, and MacStadium is here to help.
In the time that we've spent working with all manor of software companies, a variety of factors combine to shape the best path forward for a given company in this position. Understanding what those factors are, and where your company falls on a continuum made up of these factors, will ease the pain of making this transition.
Project Scale:
The scale of the project itself will almost certainly influence your CI system selections. In the most direct sense, the size of your codebase and frequency with which you kick off builds will determine your needs. But the beauty of moving up to an enterprise level system is that you have the freedom to make selections that do more than simply cover the bases. This is an opportunity to improve the work lives of colleagues. But in order to do so, it will help to think about team fit as much as you think about the technical integrations of the various components in your new CI pipeline on paper.
Real Cost of CI Delays:
Ultimately, you've been tasked with finding the greatest value that you can within the bounds of your current situation. It's an all too common theme with young, fast-moving tech companies -- 'We didn't realize how much it was costing us, because we just didn't have the resources to track it.' – Confucius
While a given company's internal variables are far too great for us to pin this down exactly, the following nearly always apply to the total cost of CI delays:
- Idle developers
- A break in focus for a developer who is mid-problem
- Delay to delivery of the product
- Average build time
- Number of builds in a given time frame
Whatever figure you come to after considering the above, less the cost of the new CI system and the team that is required to manage it, represents your total potential savings.
Existing Infrastructure:
To retool or not to retool? That is the question. The answer may lie in your existing infrastructure. For example, Chef and Puppet are both Ruby-based languages, but with a different focus. Chef is designed with VMs as a primary use case, while Puppet deploys better to legacy infrastructure. They cover the same functionality, having a central server ensure that subordinate machines are up-to-date with the latest patches while not crashing the network, but the choice between these two will probably be driven by the existing hardware.
Existing Codebase:
Although CI is theoretically language agnostic, there are certainly patterns related to CI tool selection and a project's existing codebase. We see these first-hand as we aid engineers in settling on the best fit for their organization. To continue the example above, Ansible has had a massive adoption spike over Chef and Puppet in recent years by teams without Ruby experience. The YAML approach makes it easy to learn and adopt, even though most agree it is not quite as good as Chef or Puppet — the sacrifice in features is worth the reduced technical debt.
Team Culture:
Smaller teams may favor self-managed, open-source solutions to a point, and then need to retool when personnel limitations are reached. For example, over the course of our panel discussion with proven DevOps superstars, Jenkins was rightly described as being both 'not scalable past a certain point' and 'scalable to a massive size.' These ostensibly conflicting perceptions of the same tool are really the product of differing team cultures, talent bases, use cases, and budgets. CI is meant to be a liberating force for development teams, so a good fit in terms of team culture both in the current moment, and hopefully well into the future, is essential.
Further, some teams value a pure open-source product, and won't consider solutions such as Buildkite or Bamboo, fearing vendor lock. For these teams, the investment in getting a Jenkins-type solution scalable for their use-case is time well spent. Others view the net gain in time-to-market that a paid service offers, being scalable out of the box, to be well worth the cost up front.
That said, for those teams that opt for an open-source solution, you certainly won't be in uncharted waters. Prime examples of this:
- Microsoft maintains an extensive library of Chef scripts for updating macOS images
- Codebase is a driver of automation tool selection
- Dropbox can be used for hosting compiled builds
- Automating builds is possible with Slack bot
- Community opinions on built-in tool (such as Spotlight, which ought to be fully or partially disabled)
TLDR Summary:
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Team culture is a major piece of the puzzle. So is pinning down the real cost of CI delays and malfunctions. Still though, there is no single 'right' answer. And ultimately, MacStadium is ready to help with the journey, as teaming up with a datacenter with scalable infrastructure is the first logical step to a mature, enterprise-grade Apple CI system.
Many organizations have working products based on the static build concept, and that approach works just fine for some use cases. However, as Dev and Ops teams move toward a more combined DevOps practice, they're faced with a major pain point: writing infrastructure to go into ephemeral builds. Infiltrados mac os.
Orka has many plugins that allow the use of standard CI tools such as Jenkins, Teamcity, BuildKite, and more (see a full list here). In the event a pipeline is not using a standard CI/CD tool, or the use case is different from normal CI/CD use cases, teams can code their own ephemeral-based architecture using the Orka CLI.
As teams move to virtual machines, they seek to ease a few pain points but find old practices don't hold up well. For example, one of the old methods with bare metal build machines is a clean-up process to get rid of any artifacts that may interfere with new builds, often followed by a reboot. In VMware, this is replaced with a snapshot revert, and with Orka, this is achieved with a vm delete command followed by vm create, and as of Orka 1.2.0, vm revert has been introduced as another option.
While these pain points can give teams new to infrastructure as code (IaC) pause, the important thing to remember is the workflow changes, but standards do not change. With Orka, the process to start with ephemeral VMs takes as little as two files, but the same general principles apply to VMware and any other system.
At MacStadium, we based our early quality control scripts, and our current Ansible benchmarking scripts, on two key files, an execution file, and basic parser file. This code was written with three conditions:
- Needs to run on any macOS or Linux OS system
- No VM customization beyond installing macOS and enabling SSH
- No extra dependencies could be used on the VM side; staff is allowed to use locally installed dependencies
Many organizations have working products based on the static build concept, and that approach works just fine for some use cases. However, as Dev and Ops teams move toward a more combined DevOps practice, they're faced with a major pain point: writing infrastructure to go into ephemeral builds. Infiltrados mac os.
Orka has many plugins that allow the use of standard CI tools such as Jenkins, Teamcity, BuildKite, and more (see a full list here). In the event a pipeline is not using a standard CI/CD tool, or the use case is different from normal CI/CD use cases, teams can code their own ephemeral-based architecture using the Orka CLI.
As teams move to virtual machines, they seek to ease a few pain points but find old practices don't hold up well. For example, one of the old methods with bare metal build machines is a clean-up process to get rid of any artifacts that may interfere with new builds, often followed by a reboot. In VMware, this is replaced with a snapshot revert, and with Orka, this is achieved with a vm delete command followed by vm create, and as of Orka 1.2.0, vm revert has been introduced as another option.
While these pain points can give teams new to infrastructure as code (IaC) pause, the important thing to remember is the workflow changes, but standards do not change. With Orka, the process to start with ephemeral VMs takes as little as two files, but the same general principles apply to VMware and any other system.
At MacStadium, we based our early quality control scripts, and our current Ansible benchmarking scripts, on two key files, an execution file, and basic parser file. This code was written with three conditions:
- Needs to run on any macOS or Linux OS system
- No VM customization beyond installing macOS and enabling SSH
- No extra dependencies could be used on the VM side; staff is allowed to use locally installed dependencies
For these reasons, the benchmarking team chose to use a sh script with AWK. Although it is an older language, AWK conveniently runs on all macOS and Linux OS systems. These files are written against the CLI as opposed to API; this lets the staff do integration testing. However, your team might want to code against the API directly.
Our kick-off script is run-bench.sh and uses six core VMs on Orka: Escape the octagon mac os.
# Usage: One field, the name of the VM you wish to create and test# Example: ./run-bench.sh examplevm
orka vm create-config -v $1 -b benchmark.img -c 6 --C 6 -y
# User should see an Orka response at this point
orka vm deploy -v $1 -y
# User should see an Orka response at this point
echo '
# The only json output from the CLI is currently by calling the --json
orka vm list -f all --json > acton.tmp
# Formatting json so awk can read it without a plugin
awk '{tmp=$0;gsub(/ /,'_',tmp);print tmp}' acton.tmp > tmp.tmp
awk '{tmp=$0;gsub(/,/,' ',tmp);print tmp}' tmp.tmp > acton.tmp
# Add in the name of the VM to the awk commands
sed s/nodetest/$1/ benchcommands.awk > run.awk
# Call awk to parse the Orka vm list
awk -f run.awk acton.tmp > comm.sh
chmod +x comm.sh
# Wait for macOS bootup
sleep 30s
# Act on the new VM with random ports
./comm.sh
And then uses benchcommands.awk Intertops no deposit.
{# Loop through hte number of fields (NF) on the json output
for (loop = 1; loop
{if ($loop~/nodetest/){name=$loop;
# Find the field with 'virtual_machine_name' and use it to gather data
# Format so 'name' is the VM name, in the above it will be 'examplevm'
sub(/virtual_machine_name./,',name);
gsub(/'/,',name);
# Set the information gathering flags
portflag = 1;
ipflag = 1
}
# Find the Virtual Machine IP of interest inside of the proper VM name
if(($loop~/virtual_machine_ip/)&&(ipflag 1))
{
IP = $loop;
sub(/^.virtual_machine_ip./,',IP);
sub(/.$/,',IP);
ipflag = 0
}
# Find the port of interest, always after the base IP. Output the SSH command.
if((portflag 1)&&($loop~/ssh_port/)){Port = $loop; sub(/.ssh_port./,',Port);
sub(/.$/,',Port)
if((Port~/[a-z]/)||(Port~/[A-Z]/)){}
else {
# known_hosts will often conflict when spinning up multiple VMs on the same base Host IP
print 'mv ~/.ssh/known_hosts garbage.out'
# A simple 'ls' is done here to show success, but any command can be used
print 'ssh -o 'StrictHostKeyChecking no' -p ' Port, ' admin@'IP ' ''ls'';
}
}
}
}
These scripts have a lot of room for customization. Not only can the API be used in place of the CLI, but it is fairly easy to add in extras like opening ports or assigning to specific nodes. Extra feedback can also be quickly added, and more intermediate files can be easily created for bug tracking.
These two simple scripts have formed the basis for several companies' first steps into infrastructure as code. And these companies have quickly and efficiently innovated on both scripts run from a master as well as those that live on the base image.
Try Orka Yourself
Want to learn more about Orka? Why not jump right in with our Orka demo? You get a two-hour window to spin up VMs, try the Jenkins plugin, and more! And if you want to stay up to date on the latest on what's happening at MacStadium, be sure to join the MacStadium Community Slack channel - we post all the latest news to keep you up-to-date on everything we're doing!
